Posts Tagged ‘politics’

• Google China Censorship

  Date: 2011.04.19 | Category: Chinese | Response: 0

  
  
  

  The Great Firewall of China: Corporate Codes of Conduct as a Viable Means to Lift the INformation Curtain

  Earlier this year, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton traveled to China, sternly condemned strict Internet censorship in China, and pledged to help Chinese citizens tear down the “Great Firewall of China.”  The remarks of Secretary Clinton that “we stand for a single Internet where all of humanity has equal access to knowledge and ideas” echoed the stern tone of Ronald Reagan twenty years ago when he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

  Fast forward to 2010 where digital walls have replaced Soviet-era “bricks and mortar” to divide repressed citizens of authoritarian regimes from the world’s free-flowing current of information and ideas. Since Secretary Clinton’s visit to China, the State Department has brought the issue of online freedom to the forefront in its diplomacy around the world and joined with Internet providers and social media companies to forge a public-private partnership in Internet freedom. Such collaboration is key, since authoritarian regimes so often contract out the daily work of censorship to private companies.  But it may not be enough. Alternative solutions in U.S. domestic laws and international trade law have fallen short of posing a viable challenge to digital censorship in China. In the final analysis, voluntary corporate codes of conduct may be the only viable force to bring down the Great Firewall of China.

  What is the Great Firewall of China?

  Over sixty laws and administrative regulations have been enacted by the Chinese government to censor and limit access to the Internet.[i] These laws and regulations are implemented and enforced under an elaborate and sophisticated system known as the “Great Firewall of China.”

  The “Great Firewall of China” is a complex matrix of filters, censors and barriers that regulate the flow of online information within the People’s Republic of China. The matrix, officially known as the “Golden Shield Project,” is comprised of both technological and human elements that work together to create a distorted version of the Internet—one without all the information the government does not want its citizens to see.

  Four key elements make up the Great Firewall of China:

  IP Blocking – the government can block a unique computer address if it hosts prohibited content.

  Keyword Filtering – the government monitors all international Internet gateways and blocks specific pages based on keywords and content which is matched against a “blacklist.”

  Self Censorship – the government requires all Internet companies operating within China to self-censor their content or face harsh penalties and possible shutdown if they fail to do so.

  Enforcement - it is estimated that approximately 30,000 Chinese “Internet police” are monitoring Internet traffic and blocking prohibited content.

  This elaborate system can block whole sites, individual pages and even up-to-the-minute search results that constantly change in response to unfolding global news and events.

  While the Chinese government identifies broad categories of prohibited content, the rules are far from clear, leaving a great deal of ambiguity about what is off-limits. Without any guidance or official statement about why something may have been blocked, companies operating within China often err on the side of caution and diligently delete anything that may bring them into disfavor with the government. This is one of the reasons why Google exited the country earlier this year. Given the oppressive unpredictability and gross inequities of China’s Internet censorship regime, many attempts have been made to limit its effect both in the U.S. and internationally.

  Legal Challenges to Great Firewall of China

  The United States

  Difficulties arise when U.S. Internet companies venture into foreign markets to reach out to millions of additional Internet users. In the case of China, companies that want to provide Internet services in the country must become subject to the laws and regulations of the Chinese authorities. Because most of these regulations are contrary to the liberal approach of Internet regulation found in Western states, U.S. companies are caught in a vice-grip between the demands of the Chinese government and the marked displeasure of the U.S. government and human rights organizations. The most popular examples of companies caught in this grip are U.S. software giants Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, and hardware maker Cisco Systems. Microsoft and Yahoo both censor the results of their Chinese-language search engines to varying degrees by removing politically sensitive content from the search results. Google left China earlier this year but recently renewed its license with the Chinese government.  The search giant, however, did not make any concessions regarding censorship—for now. For its part, Cisco Systems has been accused of supplying the Chinese government with some of the hardware used to build the Great Firewall.

  The tension between China’s strict Internet censorship regime and the United States’ decidedly hands-off approach to the Internet, prompted the U.S. Congress to consider passing a statute to promote freedom of expression on the Internet: the Global Online Freedom Act.[ii] The primary purpose of the bill is to establish an Office of Global Internet Freedom empowered to draft a list of “Internet-restricting countries.” The bill aims “[t]o prevent United States businesses from cooperating with repressive governments in transforming the Internet into a tool of censorship and surveillance, to fulfill the responsibility of the United States Government to promote freedom of expression on the Internet, to restore public confidence in the integrity of United States businesses, and for other purposes.” [iii].

  Section 201 of the Act states that a “United States business that creates, provides, or hosts any Internet search engine or maintains an Internet content hosting service may not locate, within a designated Internet-restricting country, [any materials] involved in providing such search engine or content hosting service.” Under the Act, Internet companies are also prohibited from altering their search engines to produce different search engine results for users accessing the search engine from different countries. [iv] Although the bill is unlikely to be enacted for a host of reasons, it nonetheless points to a promising U.S. trend to look for innovative legal solutions to put an end to digital censorship in China.

  Another legal innovation recently employed in the U.S. to chisel away at the Great Firewall of China is the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA). The ATCA provides a private cause of action for aliens for torts committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the U.S.[v] In April 2007, the U.S.-based NGO “World Organization for Human Rights” filed a major lawsuit in a U.S. district court against Yahoo! based on the Alien Tort Claims Act, accusing the Internet corporation of aiding and abetting the Chinese authorities to arrest and torture a Chinese journalist.[vi]

  According to the Complaint, Yahoo! revealed, at the request of the Chinese authorities, the name of the journalist who was using a Yahoo! Internet account to disseminate his calls for democracy in China. Use of the ATCA could add some pressure on Internet service providers to show more respect toward basic human rights and democratic standards of free speech. However, given the Supreme Court’s recent trend toward narrowing the applicability of the ATCA,[vii] it remains to be seen whether new claims brought under the Alien Tort Claims Act will exert any meaningful pressure of China to reconsider its current regime of Internet censorship. While the U.S. continues to develop alternative ways to address Internet regulation in China, some compelling arguments are being made at the international level.

  International Trade Law

  Many in the international community have argued that China’s firewall system is a barrier to entry and violates international trade law. The thrust of this argument is that the Chinese government is using the “Great Firewall” as an instrument of online protectionism, by systematically excluding foreign providers in favor of domestic services.  This is why, for example, Google’s search engine is being squeezed out by Baidu, Facebook by Ren Ren Wang, and Youtube by Tudou and Youku.

  Although there may be some challenges related to audio-visual media content under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), the more logical approach relevant to search engines and social networking services would be to challenge the practice under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).  However, given the crucial structural difference between GATT and the GATS, the arguments are far from straight-forward.[viii] One of the most difficult challenges to overcome to the filtering of online content by the Chinese government is the General Exceptions clause in Article XIV of the GATS.  Unless the contested measure constitutes a means of unjustifiable discrimination, the GATS could not be invoked to prevent the adoption of laws that are “necessary to protect public morals or to maintain public order.”  It is possible, however, that a challenge to the measure could prevail under the WTO framework if it is shown that there exists a reasonably available alternative that is less restrictive.

  While there are valid points to challenging the Great Firewall of China in the WTO context, the incendiary political fall-out from bringing such a claim would undoubtedly fuel a trade war unprecedented in scale. Given the political volatility of such an approach, other less-confrontational solutions must be considered. Corporate codes of conduct present such an alternative.

  Corporate Codes of Conduct a Viable Means to Challenge Digital Censorship in China

  Corporate codes of conduct played a major role in the collapse of apartheid in South Africa and are a viable means to end digital censorship in China. [ix] Secretary Clinton’s remarks concerning the “information curtain” dividing the world, echoes the injustices of the apartheid era where much greater injustice and unspeakable acts against humanity were challenged and ultimately overcome through the use of corporate codes of conduct.

  These corporate codes of conduct, which came to be known as the Sullivan Principles, were pioneered by the African-American minister Rev. Leon Sullivan, a zealous promoter of corporate social responsibility.[x]

  In 1977, Rev. Sullivan was a member of the board of General Motors. At the time, General Motors was one of the largest corporations in the United States. General Motors also happened to be the largest employer of blacks in South Africa, a country that was pursuing a harsh program of state-sanctioned racial segregation and discrimination targeted primarily at the country’s indigenous black population

   

  Corporate Codes of Conduct Originally Developed to Challenge Apartheid

  Rev. Sullivan developed the codes to apply economic pressure on South Africa in protest of its system of apartheid. Before the end of South Africa’s apartheid era, the principles were formally adopted by more than 125 U.S. corporations with operations in South Africa.[xi] Of those companies that formally adopted the principles,manycompletely withdrewtheir existing operations from South Africa.[xii] The principles eventually were widely adopted by United States-based corporations and played a significant role in the collapse of the South African regime. In reflecting on the success of his anti-Apartheid efforts, Rev. Sullivan recalled:

  Starting with the work place, I tightened the screws step by step and raised the bar step by step. Eventually I got to the point where I said that companies must practice corporate civil disobedience against the laws and I threatened South Africa and said in two years Mandela must be freed, apartheid must end, and blacks must vote or else I’ll bring every American company I can out of South Africa.[xiii]

  Given the success of the Sullivan principles in ending apartheid, we should look at applying the same principles to lift the information curtain in China.

  Why Multinationals Should Adopt Corporate Codes of Conduct

  Google, to its credit, has pioneered the corporate code movement. Google’s defiance of China’s censorship mandate illustrates the power of corporate social responsibility initiatives to influence and reshape the repressive policies of authoritarian regimes.

  While most major multinational companies consider a presence in China critical to their future success, Google has demonstrated that even the largest of corporations are willing to forgo short term gain in the interest of an ultimate triumph over censorship—similar to how corporations sacrificed profits to challenge apartheid in the 1970s and 1980s.  In Google’s case, this will come at a cost of an estimated $300 million a year in revenue.[xiv] Although it will hardly make a dent in Google’s coffers, it is a step in the right direction.

  Conclusion

  Corporations adopting codes of conduct must be unified and patient in their approach. The challenge now will be to put these ideas into practice by incorporating them into diplomacy and trade policy. Doing so will apply meaningful pressure on companies to act responsibly through the adoption of corporate codes of conduct with respect to their China operations.  Pressing China to open the Internet to its people and allow for freedom of expression will not happen overnight. Indeed, the Chinese experience with the Internet is still in the early phases of development. Just as the Great Wall Of China became an ancient relic of times gone by, the Great Firewall of China may one day become one, too.

   

  [i] These laws are not applicable in Hong Kong and Macau, which are designated as special administrative regions not subject to most of the laws of the People’s Republic of China, including limits placed on the free-flow of information.  H. K. Basic Law, ch. II, arts. 8, 9.

  [ii] Global Online Freedom Act, H.R. 2271, 111th Cong. (2009-2010). This bill is in the first stage of the legislative process. It has been referred to the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee and the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee.

  [iii] HR 2271 Preamble

  [iv] Section 203, H.R. 2271.

  [v] 28 U.S.C. § 1350 (2006). The ATCA reads: “The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.”

  [vi] Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo! Inc., No. C07-02151 C(N.D. Cal. Apr.18, 2007). Under international pressure, Yahoo! settled the lawsuit. In a written statement, Yahoo said it will provide “financial, humanitarian and legal support to these families” and create a separate “humanitarian relief fund” for other dissidents and their families. Yahoo Settles With Chinese Families, Wash. Post, Nov. 14, 2007.

  [vii] See Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain et al. 542 U.S. 692 (2004). In Sosa, the U.S. Supreme Court cautioned against liberal expansion of the ATCA beyond the original scope of offenses contemplated when it was passed in 1789:  “[W]e are persuaded that federal courts should not recognize private claims under federal common law for violations of any international law norm with less definite content and acceptance among civilized nations than the historical paradigms familiar when section 1350 was enacted.” Id. at 732-33.  Within this historical context, the Court struck a balance and set forth a standard which recognized the evolving nature of international law and provided a modern framework for determining whether a tort constitutes a cause of action. The framework incorporates four features that approximate the considerations used in 1789 to establish a private right of action: universality, obligatory nature, specificity and prudential considerations.

   

  [viii] The primary structural difference between the GATT and GATS is that the GAT applies to all categories of goods except those a Member specifically excludes, whereas under the GATS, they are obligated only to the sector-specific commitments they choose to assume. For example, a Member may accept GATS obligations in relation to cross-border supply of data processing services but make no similar commitments in relation to financial services.

  [ix] Corporate codes of conduct have also been proposed to address international environmental concerns. See, e.g,. Santiago A. Cueto, Oil’s Not Well in Latin America, Curing the Shortcomings of the International Environmental Law Regime in Addressing Industrial Oil Pollution Through Corporate Codes of Conduct, 11 Fla. J. Int’L Law 535 (1997).

  [x] Richard L. Herz,  21 Harvard Human Rights Journal  207, 224 THE LIBERALIZING EFFECTS OF TORT: HOW CORPORATE COMPLICITY LIABILITY UNDER THE ALIEN TORT STATUTE ADVANCES CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT

  [xi] Cristina Baez, et al.   MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES AND HUMAN RIGHTS,  8 U. Miami Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 183 at 327

  [xii] John G. Scriven, 16 Transnational Lawyer 153, 163 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY AND REGULATING THE GLOBAL ENTERPRISE.

  [xiii] Kevin McNamara, The MacBride Principles: Irish America Strikes Back (2010), footnote 30.

  [xiv] Miguel Helft, For Google, a Threat to China With Little Revenue at Stake, New York Times January 15, 2010 at A-10.

  About the Author
  

  About the Author: Santiago A. Cueto is founding partner of the Cueto Law Group, P.L.  His practice includes complex litigation in federal and state courts. He is currently the lead attorney in a class action lawsuit against two of the world’s largest Internet domain name providers. The case has been featured in The National Law Journal, the ABA Law Journal, CNBC, Forbes and PC World magazines. Santiago may be reached by email at sc@cuetolawgroup.com.

  Google China – Tiananmen Square & Tank Man Censored (No longer)
  

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  Censorship in the United States $138.61 Censorship in the United States. Hate speech, John Peter Zenger, Andrew Hamilton (lawyer), Prior restraint, Smith Act, Motion Picture Production Code, Espionage Act of 1917, McCarthyism, Export of cryptography, Economic and political boycotts of Israel, Strategic lawsuit against public participation, Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Free speech zone, Internet censorship in the United States, Comcast, Network neutrality in the United States, Freedom of the press, Freedom of speech in the United States, List of cases argued by Floyd Abrams, Media bias in the United States, Civil liberties in the United States, Obscenity, Political correctness, Westmoreland v. CBS, United States defamation law, First Amendment to the United States Constitution Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 216 Publication Date: 2009/11/02 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.49 inches

  Blocking of Wikipedia by the Peoples Republic of China $71.7 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles On several occasions, the government and Internet service providers of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) have blocked access to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia due to strict censorship laws enacted by the PRC. The blocks function in a similar way to a content filter. As with Internet censorship in the PRC in general, the selfgoverning territories of Hong Kong and Macau, which have separate legal systems, are not affected. Wikimedia sites have been blocked at least three times in their history. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 84 Publication Date: 2010/11/26 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.20 inches

  Propaganda in the Republic of China $66.91 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Propaganda has been an important tool of the Republic of China government since its inception in 1912. It also was an important tool in legitimizing the Kuomintang controlled Republic of China government that retreated from China to Taiwan in 1949. Because the national government of this time was weak, it was difficult for any censorship or propagandistic measures to be carried out effectively. However, a bureau was set up to control the production and release of film in China. Also, newspapers unfavorable to the central government could be harassed at will. Propaganda of this time was directed against the Communists and the Japanese. One tool of the main tools for disseminating propaganda in Taiwan has been the Government Information Office and the various media properties controlled by the Kuomintang and the government. Besides controlling commercial TV and radio stations, there also exists a police radio station that often broadcast educational plays with propagandistic value and a film bureau. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 76 Publication Date: 2010/06/25 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.18 inches

  Censorship and the School Library Media Center $75.47 This book is an essential text if you seek information about censorship in schools and school libraries. The author takes you from the beginning of public education to current issues involving censorship, with detailed descriptions of the materials that are censored and explanations of why they are censored. Also included is a discussion of censorship incidents, court cases, and federal legislation such as the Childrens Internet Protection Act. Author: Kravitz, Nancy Series Title: Greenwood Professional Guides in School Librarianship, Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 240 Publication Date: 2002/10/17 Language: English Dimensions: 9.42 x 6.30 x 0.61 inches

  Parental Advisory Music Censorship In America $13.79 Believe it or not music censorship in America did not begin with Tipper Gores horrified reaction to her daughters Prince album. The vilification of popular music by government and individuals has been going on for decades. This intelligent and entertaining look at the colourful history of music censorship in America examines the artists from Dean Martin to the Beatles to Marilyn Manson to the freedom fighters such as Frank Zappa and N.W.A. It shows how censorship has crossed sexual class and ethnic lines and how many see it as a de facto form of racism. With nearly 100 fascinating photos of musicians record burnings and controversial cover art; illuminating sidebars; and a decade-by-decade timeline of important moments in censorship history Parental Advisory is by turns frightening and hilarious – but always revealing.

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  Internet Censorship in Thailand $103.56 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Internet censorship is effected in Thailand by two methods. The Royal Thai Police blocks approximately 32 500 websites and the Communications Authority of Thailand a further unspecified number directly at Thailands Internet gateway. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT), blocks indirectly by informally requesting the blocking of websites by Thailands 54 commercial and nonprofit Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Although ISPs are not legally required to accede to these requests, MICT Permanent Secretary Kraisorn Pornsuthee has written in 2006 that ISPs who fail to comply will be punitively sanctioned by government in the form of bandwidth restriction or even loss of operating license. This is a powerful compulsion to comply. Author: Avery, Iustinus Tim Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 128 Publication Date: 2011/06/14 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.30 inches

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  Internet Censorship in Australia $70.1 Internet censorship in Australia primarily refers to the proposed banning of certain Internet materials by the Australian Federal Government, through restriction of site access on all Australian Internet Service Providers. In 2008, the Australian Labor Party introduced a policy of mandatory Internet filtering for all Australians. While the policy has not yet come into force, it has generated substantial opposition, with only a few groups in support. The Labor Party does not have enough votes in the Senate to enact any legislation to support the filter, so that the filter has effectively been scuttled unless the government is able to implement the filter by other means. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) maintains a blacklist, since leaked, of websites which would form the basis for the mandatory filter. It has issued a takedown notice and threatened fines of 11,000 per day to at least one website hosted in Australia which contained a link to material on this blacklist. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 100 Publication Date: 2010/07/25 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.23 inches

  Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany $68.51 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The Federal Republic of Germany guarantees freedom of speech, expression, and opinion to its citizens as per Article 5 of the constitution. Despite this, censorship of various materials has taken place since the Allied occupation after World War II and continues to take place in Germany in various forms due to a limiting provision in Article 5, Paragraph 2 of the constitution. According to the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index, Germany is currently ranked 20th in the world in terms of press freedom. During the Allied occupation of Germany, the media were controlled by the occupying forces. The policy rationales differed among the occupying powers, but there was resentment in literary and journalistic circles in many parts of the country. Undesired publishing efforts were unilaterally blocked by the occupying forces. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 98 Publication Date: 2010/09/13 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.23 inches

  Censorship in Turkey by Willy, Nethanel [Paperback] $124.27 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Censorship in Turkey is largely focused on insults to Turkishness, use of the Kurdish language, and expressions of political extremism. Censorship in Turkey is regulated by domestic and international legislation, which takes precedence over domestic law according to Article 90 ( Ratification of International Treaties ) of the Constitution following its amendment in 2004. Turkey, however, ranked 138 in Reporters Without Borders 2010 Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index. Author: Willy, Nethanel Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 192 Publication Date: 2011/06/14 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.44 inches

  Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China $73.28 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China, known simply as the Propaganda Department (pinyin: Zh nggong Zh ngy ng Xu nchuanbu), is an internal division of the Communist Party of China in charge of ideologyrelated work, as well as its propaganda system. It is not formally considered to be part of the Government of the Peoples Republic of China, but enforces media censorship and control in China, even though no state law explicitly gives it such authority. It was founded in May 1924, and was suspended during the Cultural Revolution, until it was restored in October 1977. It is an important organ in Chinas propaganda system, and its inner operations are highly secretive. The Propaganda Department has a direct leadership (lingdao) role in the media control system, working with other organizations like the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television and the General Administration of Press and Publication. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 92 Publication Date: 2010/12/15 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.22 inches

  Uncensored: Adventures in the Us Office of Censorship $16.21 Two young women travel to Miami, Florida at the start of WWII to work as censors for the U.S. government, with hilarious results as military officialdom tries to remain aloof in the face of youth, vitality, and joie de vivre. This humorous memoir set in the Office of Censorship in Miami and then in New York, may be about cutting, editing, abridging, and purging written materials, but this time around, its completely uncensored. Enjoy AboutAuthor: Marjorie Nock (Wilson) was born in Wilmington, Delaware and graduated from the University of Delaware. Shortly after the start of WWII, she went to Miami, Florida to work as a translator in French and Spanish at the Office of Censorship. After the war, she, her husband, and three children moved to Norfolk, Virginia where she spent five years teaching French at Old Dominion University. Author: Nock, Marjorie Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 112 Publication Date: 2008/12/01 Language: English Dimensions: 8.50 x 5.50 x 0.27 inches

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  Censorship and Art by Galsworthy, John [Hardcover] $33.24 Having observed that there is no reason whatever for the exemption of Literature, let us now turn to the case of Art. Every picture hung in a gallery, every statue placed on a pedestal, is exposed to the public stare of a mixed company. Why, then, have we no Censorship to protect us from the possibility of encountering works that bring blushes to the cheek of the young person? Author: Galsworthy, John Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 24 Publication Date: 2010/05/23 Language: English Dimensions: 7.00 x 9.99 x 0.12 inches

  Censorship and Art by Galsworthy, John [Paperback] $20.24 Having observed that there is no reason whatever for the exemption of Literature, let us now turn to the case of Art. Every picture hung in a gallery, every statue placed on a pedestal, is exposed to the public stare of a mixed company. Why, then, have we no Censorship to protect us from the possibility of encountering works that bring blushes to the cheek of the young person? Author: Galsworthy, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 48 Publication Date: 2004/06/01 Language: English Dimensions: 9.25 x 7.50 x 0.10 inches

  Science Fiction from China $41.54 Despite periods of heavy censorship and political opposition, science fiction has emerged in the Peoples Republic of China as a popular literary genre. This anthology of stories by six major Chinese science fiction writers is the first such collection to be published in English. The stories are enriched by Chinas ancient tradition of fantastic literature as well as that nations fascination with futuristic science and technology, and they provide illuminating glimpses of Chinese attitudes, values, and daily life. Like most Chinese science fiction writers, the authors represented in this volume are engaged in scientific research or the popularization of science. Their work reflects the critical dictum that scientific fiction must be scientifically factual or based on reasonable extrapolations of known fact. Among the themes treated in these stories are peoples use of and relationship to robots and clones; peaceful versus military application of technology; futuristic detection and intelligence operations; space exploration and warfare; and personal heroism, patriotism, and responsibility. The stories typically incorporate an optimistic view of sciences contribution to the future of humankind. Wu provides a comprehensive introduction to the history of Chinese science fiction together with a chronological bibliography of stories, novels, and related critical works. This collection offers a unique perspective on modern China and a welcome opportunity to explore the Chinese contribution to one of the most popular forms of contemporary fiction. Author: Wu, Dingbo/ Murphy, Patrick D. Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 220 Publication Date: 1989/09/11 Language: English Dimensions: 9.57 x 6.44 x 0.95 inches

  Propaganda and Censorship in Gulf War I $30.46 Scholarly Paper (Advanced Seminar) aus dem Jahr 2003 im Fachbereich Geschichte Ausland, Note: 1,0 (A), Universit t zu K ln (History Seminar/AngloAmerican History), Veranstaltung: Promoting War: Media and War in American History, 7 Eintragungen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Englisch, Abstract: The Bush Administration achieved a fivemonthlong commercial for militarism and individual weapon systems. The American people were seduced into the celebration of a slaughter by controlled propaganda demonizing Iraq, assuring the world no harm would come to Iraqi civilians, deliberately spreading false stories of atrocities including chemical warfare threats, deaths of incubator babies and threats to the entire region by a new Hitler (Initial Complaint of the International War Crimes Tribunal)1The Persian Gulf War in 1991 is considered to be one of the most strongly censored wars in American history. Besides security reasons, the censorship policy was also intended to raise and sustain support for the American troops on the home front in order to avoid mistakes in the handling of the media, that supposedly lead to the defeat in the Vietnam War. Besides the restrictions for free media reporting inflicted by the government, the media was one of the strongest censors themselves. This paper deals with the censorship system that was used by the US military and the medias selfimposed censorship. It addresses the question to what extent the system exceeded the intended security purpose and how the media reacted to those restrictions. Propaganda strategies used before and during the war are also being examined. Besides, emphasis is put on the medias role as an independent institution and its performance to provide the American people with unbiased and relevant information. Author: MullerKulmann, Thomas/ M. LlerKulmann, Thomas Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 28 Publication Date: 2007/11/07 Language: English Dimensions: 8.50 x 5.51 x 0.07 inches

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  Google Maps $84.44 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Google Maps is a basic web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, free, that powers many mapbased services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on thirdparty websites via the Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world. According to one of its creators, Google Maps is a way of organizing the worlds information geographically. Google Maps uses the Mercator projection, so it cannot show areas around the poles. A related product is Google Earth, a standalone program for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, SymbianOS, and iPhone OS which offers more globeviewing features, including showing polar areas. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 104 Publication Date: 2010/11/17 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.25 inches

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  How China’s Leaders Think: The Inside Story Of China’s Reform And What This Means For The Future $17.69 China impacts everyone an economic superpower competing in every arena of human endeavor. Here are those who run China its current and future leaders. Here’s how China’s leaders think about China’s growing global strength in trade business and finance; in diplomacy defense and security; in science technology and innovation; in culture media and sports and what this all means for the future of the world. Here also are China’s leaders in economics private business state-owned enterprises banking foreign affairs military healthcare religion film television press Internet literature ideology and more. Robert Lawrence Kuhn speaks with over 100 Chinese leaders and has inner access to Communist Party officials and material. He focuses on President Hu Jintao’s philosophies and policies and looks to the next generation of China’s leaders. Who are China’s future leaders? What are they doing today? What’s their way of thinking about China’s place in the world? What about prospects for democracy and political reform? Is there a road map for political reform? What about the so-called "China Threat?" Or the emerging "China Model?" Kuhn confronts China’s leaders with China’s problems: economic imbalances (rural vs. urban) pollution unsustainable development migrant workers human rights democracy rule of law corruption minorities ethnic conflicts censorship social instability ideological shakeup shifting moral and family values religious repression death penalty organs from executed prisoners global conflicts resource competition and the worldwide financial crisis. The best way to know China the best way to do business with China is to know what motivates China’s leaders and what drives their policies. This book is an intimate candid portrayal of how China’s leaders think. Readers will never get closer to China’s leaders than this.

  Great Firewall of China by Christer, Emory [Paperback] $101.96 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. The Golden Shield Project, colloquially referred to as the Great Firewall of China is a censorship and surveillance project operated by the Ministry of Public Security division of the government of the Peoples Republic of China. The project started in 1998 and began operations in November 2003. The political and ideological background of the Golden Shield Project is considered to be one of Dengs favorite sayings in the early 1980s: If you open the window for fresh air, you have to expect some flies to blow in. The saying is related to a period of the economic reform of China that became known as the socialist market economy. Superseding the political ideologies of the Cultural Revolution, the reform led China towards a market economy and opened up the market for foreign investors. Nonetheless the economic freedom, values, and political ideas of the Communist Party of China have had to be protected by swatting flies of other unwanted ideologies. Author: Christer, Emory Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 148 Publication Date: 2011/08/09 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.34 inches

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  Changing Media, Changing China $19.95 Thirty years ago, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) made a fateful decision: to allow newspapers, magazines, television, and radio stations to compete in the marketplace instead of being financed exclusively by the government. The political and social implications of that decision are still unfolding as the Chinese government, media, and public adapt to the new information environment.Edited by Susan Shirk, one of America’s leading experts on contemporary China, this collection of essays brings together a who’s who of experts—Chinese and American—writing about all aspects of the changing media landscape in China. In detailed case studies, the authors describe how the media is reshaping itself from a propaganda mouthpiece into an agent of watchdog journalism, how politicians are reacting to increased scrutiny from the media, and how television, newspapers, magazines, and Web-based news sites navigate the cross-currents between the open marketplace and the CCP censors. China has over 360 million Internet users, more than any other country, and an astounding 162 million bloggers. The growth of Internet access has dramatically increased the information available, the variety and timeliness of the news, and its national and international reach. But China is still far from having a free press. As of 2008, the international NGO Freedom House ranked China 181 worst out of 195 countries in terms of press restrictions, and Chinese journalists have been aptly described as "dancing in shackles." The recent controversy over China’s censorship of Google highlights the CCP’s deep ambivalence toward information freedom. Covering everything from the rise of business media and online public opinion polling to environmental journalism and the effect of media on foreign policy, Changing Media, Changing China reveals how the most populous nation on the planet is reacting to demands for real news.

  Changing Media, Changing China $10.89 Thirty years ago, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) made a fateful decision: to allow newspapers, magazines, television, and radio stations to compete in the marketplace instead of being financed exclusively by the government. The political and social implications of that decision are still unfolding as the Chinese government, media, and public adapt to the new information environment.Edited by Susan Shirk, one of America’s leading experts on contemporary China, this collection of essays brings together a who’s who of experts—Chinese and American—writing about all aspects of the changing media landscape in China. In detailed case studies, the authors describe how the media is reshaping itself from a propaganda mouthpiece into an agent of watchdog journalism, how politicians are reacting to increased scrutiny from the media, and how television, newspapers, magazines, and Web-based news sites navigate the cross-currents between the open marketplace and the CCP censors. China has over 360 million Internet users, more than any other country, and an astounding 162 million bloggers. The growth of Internet access has dramatically increased the information available, the variety and timeliness of the news, and its national and international reach. But China is still far from having a free press. As of 2008, the international NGO Freedom House ranked China 181 worst out of 195 countries in terms of press restrictions, and Chinese journalists have been aptly described as "dancing in shackles." The recent controversy over China’s censorship of Google highlights the CCP’s deep ambivalence toward information freedom. Covering everything from the rise of business media and online public opinion polling to environmental journalism and the effect of media on foreign policy, Changing Media, Changing China reveals how the most populous nation on the planet is reacting to demands for real news.

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